Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

A: Simise umsebenzi oqhubekayo onemibhoshongo emithathu, futhi sengeze umbhoshongo oqhubekayo ukuze sithuthukise izinga lokubuyisa nokunciphisa ukulahleka kwe-NMP. Yimibhoshongo yokuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni: Iningi lamanzi lisuswa phezulu kombhoshongo, bese phansi kombhoshongo lingena embhoshongweni wokususa ukukhanya. Umbhoshongo wokususa ukukhanya: Izingxenye zokukhanya zisuswa phezulu kombhoshongo, bese isisekelo sombhoshongo singena embhoshongweni wokuhlanza. Umbhoshongo wokuhlanza: I-NMP efanelekile ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zomkhiqizo ikhishwa phezulu kombhoshongo, bese isisekelo sombhoshongo singena embhoshongweni weqembu. Umbhoshongo oqhubekayo: I-NMP etholwe phezulu kombhoshongo ingena ethangini loketshezi olungcolile, bese isisekelo sombhoshongo sipakishwa emiphongolweni bese sinikezwa umenzi ofanelekayo ukuze aphathwe.

A: I-NMP ingeye-C Class A liquid. Ikholomu yethu yokucwilisa isetshenziswa ngaphansi kwengcindezi engemihle. Nakuba izinga lokushisa lokusebenza liphansi, izinga lokushisa lokusebenza lisephezulu kune-flash point ye-NMP. Ngokwemithethonqubo, idivayisi ingeyedivayisi ye-Class B. Ngokwezinhlobo zamadivayisi kanye nezakhiwo zemishini esekelayo, sidinga ukwakheka okunengqondo nokuhambisanayo ukuze sihlangabezane nezidingo zesikhala sokuvimbela umlilo.

A: Kudingeka kubalwe ngokuphelele ngokwentengo yesisombululo esihle se-NMP kanye nesisombululo semfucuza se-NMP. Uma umehluko wentengo phakathi kwesisombululo esihle se-NMP kanye nesisombululo semfucuza se-NMP esinokugxila okuthile umncane, kuzothatha isikhathi eside ukubuyisela iyunithi. Uma umehluko wentengo mkhulu, isikhathi sokubuyisa sizoba sifushane. Ngokusho komehluko wamanje wentengo, isikhathi sokubuyisa sokubalwa kwethu ngokuvamile siyiminyaka eyi-1-1.5.

A: Ngokuvamile ihlukaniswe ngezimo ezimbili: 1. Kuthatha isikhathi eside ukuqala imoto okokuqala, ngoba izinto ezikuhlelo zidinga ukushintshwa ngokuphelele. Kuthatha cishe amasonto amabili ukukhiqiza imikhiqizo efanelekile kulokhu. 2. Ngemva kokuqaliswa, imikhiqizo efanelekile ingakhiqizwa emahoreni ayi-10-12.

A: Ekusebenzeni kwanoma iyiphi ikholomu yokuhluza, ingcindezi yombhoshongo kufanele ilawulwe ngaphakathi kwenkomba ecacisiwe ukuze kulungiswe amanye amapharamitha ngokufanele. Ukuguquguquka okukhulu kwengcindezi yombhoshongo kuzobhubhisa ibhalansi yezinto ezibonakalayo kanye nebhalansi yegesi noketshezi yombhoshongo wonke futhi kwenze imikhiqizo yehluleke ukuhlangabezana nekhwalithi edingekayo. Ngakho-ke, amakholomu amaningi okuhluza anezinyathelo zawo ezithile zokuqinisekisa ukuthi ingcindezi yombhoshongo izinzile ngaphakathi kobubanzi obufanele.

Ngokuphathelene nokucindezela kombhoshongo wombhoshongo wokucindezela, kunezindlela ezimbili zokulungisa ezilandelayo:
1. Uma i-condenser ephezulu yombhoshongo iyi-condenser, ingcindezi yombhoshongo ngokuvamile ilungiswa ngokululama kwesigaba segesi. Uma ezinye izimo zingashintshi, ululama kwegesi kuyanda futhi ingcindezi yombhoshongo iyancipha; Ukukhiqizwa kwegesi kuyancipha futhi ingcindezi yombhoshongo iyanda.
2. Uma i-condenser ephezulu yombhoshongo iyi-condenser egcwele, ingcindezi yombhoshongo ilungiswa kakhulu yinani le-refrigerant, okulingana nokulungisa izinga lokushisa loketshezi lwe-reflux.
Ngaphansi kwesisekelo sezinye izimo ezingashintshi, izinga lokushisa loketshezi oluphuma efrijini kanye nomfutho wombhoshongo lizokwehla ngokwanda komthamo wefriji. Uma inani lefriji lincishisiwe, izinga lokushisa loketshezi oluphuma efrijini lizokhuphuka futhi umfutho wombhoshongo uzokhuphuka.

Ukuze kulawulwe ingcindezi yekholomu ye-vacuum distillation, kunezindlela ezimbili ezilandelayo:
1. Uma iphampu kagesi yokuvasa isetshenziswa ekuhlanzeni, ivalvu yokulawula ifakwa emgqeni we-reflux wephampu yokuvasa, futhi inani lokukhipha igesi yokukhipha umoya ohlelweni lilungiswa ngokuvula ivalvu yokulawula, ngaleyo ndlela kulungiswa izinga lokuvasa lombhoshongo.

Ukuze kulawulwe ingcindezi yombhoshongo womoya, kunezindlela ezintathu ezilandelayo:
1. Uma ukuzinza kwengcindezi ephezulu yombhoshongo kungaphakeme, asikho isidingo sokufaka uhlelo lokulawula ingcindezi, futhi kufanele kufakwe ipayipi eliya emoyeni emishinini yokuhluza (i-condenser noma ithangi le-reflux) ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ingcindezi embhoshongweni iseduze nengcindezi yomkhathi.
2. Uma ukuzinza komfutho ophezulu wombhoshongo kuphezulu noma izinto ezihlukanisiwe zingakwazi ukuxhumana nomoya, indlela yokulawula yomfutho ophezulu wombhoshongo ingasetshenziswa.
3. Lungisa ingcindezi yomhwamuko wesisekelo sombhoshongo ngokulungisa inani lomusi oshiswayo phansi kombhoshongo.

A: Izinga lokushisa lekettle linqunywa ukucindezela kwekettle kanye nokwakheka kwezinto. Enqubweni yokulungisa, kuphela ngokugcina izinga lokushisa lekettle elichaziwe lapho ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo ingaqinisekiswa khona. Ngakho-ke, izinga lokushisa lekettle lingenye yezinkomba ezibalulekile zokulawula ekusebenzeni kokucwilisa.

Uma izinga lokushisa lekettle lishintsha, izinga lokushisa lekettle livame ukulungiswa libe elijwayelekile ngokushintsha inani lomusi oshisayo ekettleni yokuhwamuka. Uma izinga lokushisa lekettle liphansi kunenani elibekiwe, inani lomusi kufanele likhuliswe ukuze kwandiswe inani lokuhwamuka koketshezi lwekettle, ukuze okuqukethwe kwezingxenye ezisindayo kuketshezi lwekettle kukhuphuke ngokulinganisela, iphuzu lebhamuza likhuphuke futhi izinga lokushisa lekettle likhuphuke.

Uma izinga lokushisa lekettle liphakeme kunenani elibekiwe, ukusetshenziswa komusi kufanele kuncishiswe ukuze kuncishiswe ukuhwamuka koketshezi lwekettle, ukuze okuqukethwe kwezingxenye zokukhanya kuketshezi lwekettle kukhuphuke kancane, iphuzu lebhamuza lincishiswe futhi izinga lokushisa lekettle lehle.

Kunezizathu eziningi zokushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa lekettle. Lapho ingcindezi yombhoshongo ikhuphuka ngokuzumayo, izinga lokushisa lekettle lizokhuphuka bese lehla futhi. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukwanda kwezinga lokushisa lekettle kubangelwa ukwanda kwengcindezi, okuholela ekwandeni kwephuzu lebhamuza ekettle. Ngakho-ke, inani elikhuphukayo lomsi embhoshongweni ngeke lande, kodwa lizoncipha ngenxa yokwanda kwengcindezi; Ngale ndlela, ukuhwamuka kwezingxenye zokukhanya kuketshezi oluxubile lombhoshongo kanye nekettle akuphelele, okuzoholela ekwehleni kwephuzu lebhamuza lekettle, ngakho-ke izinga lokushisa lekettle nalo lizoncipha.

Ngokuphambene nalokho, lapho ingcindezi yombhoshongo yehla ngokuzumayo, umusi okhuphukayo embhoshongweni uzokwanda ngenxa yokwehla kwengcindezi yombhoshongo, okuholela ekwehleni okusheshayo kwezinga loketshezi phansi kombhoshongo, ukuze izingxenye ezisindayo zilethwe phezulu kombhoshongo. Njengoba izingxenye eziketshezini zekettle ziba nzima, iphuzu lebhamuza loketshezi lwekettle liyanda, futhi izinga lokushisa lekettle nalo lizokwanda. Kusukela kulo mbono, ingcindezi yombhoshongo iyisici esibalulekile esibangela ushintsho lokushisa kwekettle. Ngakho-ke, kuphela ngokulawula ingcindezi yombhoshongo kuqala kunkomba edingekayo lapho sazi kahle ukuthi izinga lokushisa lekettle liyahlangabezana yini nezidingo zenqubo, ngaphandle kwalokho kuzoholela ekusebenzeni okungalungile. Izinga lokushisa lekettle lizophinde lehle ngokwanda kokuhlushwa kwezingxenye zokukhanya ekudleni, futhi lande ngokwanda kokuhlushwa kwezingxenye ezisindayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona amanzi ekettle, amanye amashubhu avinjiwe yi-polymerization yezinto eziku-evaporation kettle, ukushintshashintsha kwengcindezi yomphunga wokushisa, ukwehluleka kwe-valve yokulawula kanye nokubhujiswa kokukhiqizwa okulinganiselayo kwezinto konke kungabangela ukushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa lekettle. Uma izinga lokushisa lekettle lishintshashintsha, izimbangela zokushintshashintsha kufanele zihlaziywe futhi zisuswe.

Umphumela ophezulu wombhoshongo mncane kakhulu, okwenza izingxenye zokukhanya zicindezeleke eketheni lombhoshongo futhi kubangele ukuthi izinga lokushisa leketheni lehle. Ngalesi sikhathi, uma ukukhishwa okuphezulu kombhoshongo kungakhushulwa, ukukhulisa nje inani lomusi wokushisa eketheni lombhoshongo ngeke nje kube nomthelela ekushiseni kweketheni, kodwa futhi kubangele ukukhukhula ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu. Esinye isibonelo ukuthi amashubhu eketheni lokuhwamuka avalekile ngenxa ye-polymerization yezinto ezibonakalayo, okubangela ukuthi izinga lokushisa leketheni lehle. Ngalesi sikhathi, imishini kufanele imiswe ukuze kulungiswe.

A: Isilinganiso se-reflux sinqunywa ngokwezidingo zokuhlukaniswa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa.

Isilinganiso se-reflux esikhulu kakhulu noma esincane kakhulu sizothinta umnotho wokusebenza kwe-distillation kanye nekhwalithi yemikhiqizo. Ukwandisa isilinganiso se-reflux kungandisa ukugcwala kwezingxenye zokukhanya kumkhiqizo ophezulu, kodwa kunciphisa amandla okukhiqiza kombhoshongo, futhi kwandisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla abandayo phezulu kanye nokushisa phansi kombhoshongo.

Ekusebenzeni okuvamile, kufanele silondoloze isilinganiso esifanele se-reflux futhi silwele umphumela omuhle kakhulu wezomnotho esisekelweni sokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo. Kuphela uma izimo ezijwayelekile zokukhiqiza zombhoshongo zonakele noma ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo ingafaneleki lapho isilinganiso se-reflux singalungiswa khona. Isibonelo, okuqukethwe kwezingxenye ezisindayo kumkhiqizo ophezulu kuyanda futhi ikhwalithi iyancipha, ngakho isilinganiso se-reflux kufanele sandiswe ngokufanele. Umthwalo (izinga lokuphakelayo) lombhoshongo liphansi kakhulu. Ukuze kuqinisekiswe isivinini esithile somusi esikhuphukayo embhoshongweni, isilinganiso se-reflux kufanele sandiswe ngokufanele.

A: Kunezindlela eziningana zokulungisa isilinganiso se-reflux:
1. Nciphisa ukukhiqizwa okuphezulu ukuze wandise isilinganiso se-reflux.
2. Uma i-condenser ephezulu yombhoshongo iyi-condenser, inani le-refrigerant phezulu kombhoshongo lingandiswa ukuze kwandiswe ivolumu ye-condensate kanye nesilinganiso se-reflux.
3. Uma kukhona i-reflux ephoqelelwe ethangini lokugcina eliphakathi elinoketshezi lwe-reflux, ukugeleza kwe-reflux kungandiswa okwesikhashana ukuze kuthuthukiswe isilinganiso se-reflux, kodwa ithangi lokugcina i-reflux akufanele likhishwe.

A: Umehluko wokucindezela kombhoshongo uyisici esiyinhloko sokulinganisa umthwalo wegesi embhoshongweni, futhi futhi kungenye yezimpawu ezibalulekile zokwahlulela ukuthi ukudla kanye nokukhishwa kokusebenza kokucwiliswa kuyalingana yini. Ngaphansi kwesimo sokuthi ukudla kanye nokukhipha kulinganisiwe futhi isilinganiso se-reflux sihlala njalo, umehluko wokucindezela kombhoshongo awushintshi ngokuphelele.

Uma ibhalansi evamile yezinto ezibonakalayo ibhujiswa, noma izinga lokushisa kanye nengcindezi embhoshongweni kushintsha, ijubane elikhuphukayo lomsi embhoshongweni lizoshintsha, futhi ukuphakama kwesivalo soketshezi sethreyi kuzoshintsha, okuzobangela umehluko wengcindezi embhoshongweni.

Ekusebenzeni kokulungisa, kunezindlela ezintathu ezivamile zokulungisa izizathu zokushintsha komehluko wokucindezela kombhoshongo:
1. Ngaphansi kwesimo sesilinganiso sokudla esingaguquki, umehluko wokucindezela kombhoshongo ulungiswa yisilinganiso sokukhipha uketshezi phezulu kombhoshongo. Uma kukhiqizwa imikhiqizo eminingi, ijubane lomusi okhuphukayo embhoshongweni liyancipha futhi umehluko wokucindezela embhoshongweni uyancipha; Ngokuncipha kokululama, ijubane lomusi okhuphukayo embhoshongweni liyanda futhi umehluko wokucindezela embhoshongweni uyanda.
2. Ngaphansi kwesimo sokukhiqiza okungaguquki, umehluko wokucindezela kombhoshongo ulungiswa yisilinganiso sokuphakelayo. Izinga lokuphakelayo liyakhula kanti umehluko wokucindezela kombhoshongo uyakhula; Lapho izinga lokuphakelayo lehla, umehluko wokucindezela kombhoshongo uyancipha.
3. Ngaphakathi kwesilinganiso esivunyelwe yinkomba yenqubo, umehluko wokucindezela kombhoshongo ulungiswa ngokushintsha kwezinga lokushisa lekettle. Ngokukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa lekettle, umehluko wokucindezela kombhoshongo uyanda; Lapho izinga lokushisa lekettle lehliswa, umehluko wokucindezela kombhoshongo uyancipha.

Ngenxa yezinguquko zomehluko wokucindezela ezibangelwa izinkinga zemishini, kufanele siziphathe ngokwezinkinga ezithile, futhi sime ukuze silungise ezimweni ezibucayi.

A: Izinga lokushisa elingaphezulu kombhoshongo liyisici esibalulekile sokunquma ikhwalithi yemikhiqizo ephezulu kombhoshongo. Ngaphansi kwesisekelo sokucindezela kombhoshongo okuqhubekayo, okuqukethwe kwezingxenye ezisindayo emkhiqizweni ophezulu kuyanda futhi ikhwalithi iyancipha ngokukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu.

Kunezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko zokulungisa izinga lokushisa eliphezulu lombhoshongo: eyodwa ukulungisa ukugeleza kwe-reflux nokulungisa izinga lokushisa le-reflux; Enye ukulungisa izinga lokushisa le-reflux nokulungisa ukugeleza kwe-reflux. Ngenxa yemishini yokukhiqiza eyanda kakhulu, uma kucatshangelwa ukuzinza kokukhiqiza, indlela yokulungisa ukugeleza kokubuya isetshenziswe kabanzi.

Izindlela ezithile zokulungisa izinga lokushisa eliphezulu lombhoshongo yilezi ezilandelayo:
1. Lawula izinga lokushisa eliphezulu ngokugeleza kokubuya. Lapho ukugeleza kokubuya kukhuphuka, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu liyancipha, okuvame ukusetshenziswa lapho ingxenye ephezulu yombhoshongo iyi-condenser egcwele.
2. Lapho i-refrigerant esetshenziswa phezulu kombhoshongo ishintsha isigaba ngesikhathi sokudlulisa ukushisa, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu lingalawulwa ngokulungiswa kwengcindezi yokuhwamuka kanye nezinga lokushisa eliphezulu lombhoshongo. Lapho ingcindezi yokuhwamuka yehla, izinga lokushisa lokuhwamuka elihambisanayo nalo liyehla, okubangela ukuba izinga lokushisa eliphezulu lehle. Le ndlela ingashintsha ukugeleza kokubuya lapho i-condenser ephezulu kombhoshongo iyi-condenser; Lapho i-condenser ephezulu kombhoshongo inomphumela wokupholisa kakhulu, ingasetshenziswa futhi ukushintsha izinga lokushisa le-reflux.
3. Uma i-refrigerant engenhla kombhoshongo ingenalo ushintsho lwesigaba ngesikhathi sokudlulisa ukushisa, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu lingalawulwa ngokulungiswa kwe-cascade kokugeleza kwe-refrigerant kanye nezinga lokushisa eliphezulu. Uma izinga lokugeleza likhuphuka, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu liyancipha. Le ndlela ayikwazi ukushintsha kuphela inani le-reflux, kodwa futhi ingashintsha izinga lokushisa le-reflux.
4. Lungisa izinga lokushisa eliphezulu ngendawo yokushintshanisa ukushisa ye-condenser ephezulu. Ukwandisa izinga lokupholisa kwandisa indawo yokushintshanisa ukushisa futhi kunciphisa izinga lokushisa eliphezulu. Le ndlela ayikwazi nje ukushintsha inani le-reflux, kodwa futhi ingashintsha izinga lokushisa le-reflux.
5. Uma ukuhlushwa kwezinto ezisetshenziswayo esigabeni sokulungiswa kuphezulu, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu lingalungiswa ngomehluko wokushisa phakathi kwamapuleti amabili. Ngokukhuphuka komehluko wokushisa, ivolumu yoketshezi lwe-reflux iyanda futhi izinga lokushisa eliphezulu liyancipha.

A: Ngesikhathi sokuqala nokusebenza okuvamile kwekholomu yokuhluza, izinga lokushisa lekettle ngeke likhuphuke.

Ngesikhathi sokushisa ngesikhathi sokuqalisa, izizathu zokuthi kungani izinga lokushisa le-kettle lingakhuphuki kungaba:
1. Isicupho somusi (noma i-drain choke valve) sohlelo lokushisa siyahluleka;
2. Ivalvu yamanzi angemuva yesiteshi sokupompa ayivulekile;
3. I-condensate yomusi eketheni yokushisa ayikakhishwa, futhi umusi awukwazi ukungezwa;
4. Kunamanzi amaningi ezintweni ezingaphansi kombhoshongo (amanzi awakwazi ukuhlanganiswa nezinto, ngakho-ke awafanele uhlelo lwamanzi lwe-NMP);
5. Isakhiwo semishini esingenangqondo sivimbela ukugeleza koketshezi lwekettle;
6. Ngenxa yokusebenza okungafanele (ukushisa eketheni lokushisa sekwephuzile noma inani lokudla likhulu kakhulu futhi linamandla kakhulu), ingxenye yokukhanya egeleza ibuyela eketheni lomkhumbi inkulu kakhulu, futhi kunzima ukuphakamisa izinga lokushisa leketheni libe elijwayelekile okwesikhashana, ikakhulukazi embhoshongweni onomsoco woketshezi oluphansi, okulula ukwenzeka. Ngalesi sikhathi, izinga lokudla kanye nokwakheka kokudla kufanele kushintshwe noma umkhiqizo ophezulu kufanele ukhushulwe ukuze kulungiswe ukusebenza.

Ekusebenzeni okuvamile, izizathu zokungakhushulwa kwezinga lokushisa kwekettle kungaba:
1. Ipayipi lokujikeleza koketshezi leketha lokushisa elingaphansi livaliwe, ukuze uketshezi lweketha lungajikelezi;
2. Izinto eziku-reboiler ziyaphekwa noma zivaliwe;
3. Ivalvu yokugoba amanzi ayisebenzi kahle;
4. Ukwakheka kwekettle yombhoshongo kusinda kakhulu, futhi i-heating agent ekhona ayikwazi ukushisa uketshezi lwekettle kuze kufike endaweni yebhamuza, okuholela ekujikelezeni koketshezi lwekettle kungabi bushelelezi;
5. Ukucindezela kwe-heating agent eketheni lokufudumala kuyehla;
6. Izinga loketshezi lwekettle liphansi kakhulu noma liphezulu kakhulu.