Imibuzo ebuzwa rhoqo

A: Siqalise umsebenzi oqhubekayo onemibhoshongo emithathu, saza songeza inqaba eqhubekayo ukuphucula izinga lokubuyisela kunye nokunciphisa ukulahleka kwe-NMP. Ziinqaba zokuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni: Uninzi lwamanzi lususwa phezulu kwenqaba, kwaye ezantsi kwenqaba lungena kwinqaba yokususa ukukhanya. Inqaba yokususa ukukhanya: Izinto zokukhanya zisuswa phezulu kwenqaba, kwaye isiseko senqaba singena kwinqaba yokucoca. Inqaba yokucoca: I-NMP efanelekile ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zemveliso ikhutshwa phezulu kwenqaba, kwaye isiseko senqaba singena kwinqaba yebhetshi. Inqaba engapheliyo: I-NMP efunyenwe phezulu kwenqaba ingena kwitanki yolwelo olungcolileyo, kwaye isiseko senqaba sipakishwa kwiibhareli kwaye sinikwe umenzi ofanelekileyo ukuba anyangwe.

A: I-NMP yeye-C Class A liquid. Ikholamu yethu yokunyibilikisa isetyenziswa phantsi koxinzelelo olubi. Nangona ubushushu bokusebenza buphantsi, ubushushu bokusebenza busephezulu kune-flash point ye-NMP. Ngokwemigaqo, isixhobo sese-Class B device. Ngokweentlobo zezixhobo kunye neempawu zezixhobo ezixhasayo, sidinga uyilo olufanelekileyo noluhambelanayo ukuze sihlangabezane neemfuno zesithuba sokuthintela umlilo.

A: Kufuneka ibalwe ngokupheleleyo ngokwexabiso lesisombululo se-NMP esihle kunye nesisombululo senkunkuma ye-NMP. Ukuba umahluko wexabiso phakathi kwesisombululo senkunkuma ye-NMP esihle kunye nesisombululo senkunkuma ye-NMP esinoxinzelelo oluthile mncinci, kuya kuthatha ixesha elide ukubuyisela iyunithi. Ukuba umahluko wexabiso mkhulu, ixesha lokubuyisela liya kuba lifutshane. Ngokwemahluko wexabiso langoku, ixesha lokubuyisela kwi-akhawunti yethu ngokubanzi liyiminyaka eyi-1-1.5.

A: Ngokubanzi yahlulwe kwiimeko ezimbini: 1. Kuthatha ixesha elide ukuqala imoto okokuqala, kuba izinto ezikwinkqubo kufuneka zitshintshwe ngokupheleleyo. Kuthatha malunga neeveki ezimbini ukuvelisa iimveliso ezifanelekileyo ngeli xesha. 2. Emva kokugunyaziswa, iimveliso ezifanelekileyo zingaveliswa kwiiyure ezili-10-12.

A: Xa kusebenza nayiphi na ikholamu yokunyibilikisa, uxinzelelo lwenqaba kufuneka lulawulwe ngaphakathi kwesalathisi esichaziweyo ukuze kulungiswe ezinye iiparameter ngokufanelekileyo. Ukuguquguquka okugqithisileyo koxinzelelo lwenqaba kuya kutshabalalisa ibhalansi yezinto kunye nokulinganisela kwegesi-ulwelo lwenqaba yonke kwaye kwenze iimveliso zingafikeleli kumgangatho ofunekayo. Ke ngoko, iikholamu ezininzi zokunyibilikisa zinemilinganiselo yazo ethile yokuqinisekisa ukuba uxinzelelo lwenqaba luzinzile ngaphakathi koluhlu olufanelekileyo.

Ngokuphathelele uxinzelelo lwenqaba yenqaba yoxinzelelo, kukho iindlela ezimbini zokulungisa ezilandelayo:
1. Xa i-condenser ephezu kwenqaba iyi-condenser, uxinzelelo lwenqaba luhlengahlengiswa ngokubanzi ngokubuya kwegesi. Xa ezinye iimeko zingatshintshi, ukubuya kwegesi kuyanda kwaye uxinzelelo lwenqaba luyancipha; Imveliso yegesi iyancipha kwaye uxinzelelo lwenqaba luyanda.
2. Xa i-condenser ephezulu kwinqaba iyi-condenser epheleleyo, uxinzelelo lwenqaba luhlengahlengiswa kakhulu bubungakanani be-refrigerant, nto leyo elingana nokulungisa ubushushu bolwelo lwe-reflux.
Phantsi kwengcamango yezinye iimeko ezingatshintshanga, ubushushu bolwelo lwe-reflux kunye noxinzelelo lwe-tower buya kuncipha ngokunyuka komthamo we-refrigerant. Ukuba ubungakanani be-refrigerant buncitshisiwe, ubushushu bolwelo lwe-reflux buya kunyuka kwaye uxinzelelo lwe-tower luya kunyuka.

Ukulawula uxinzelelo lwekholamu ye-vacuum distillation, kukho iindlela ezimbini ezilandelayo:
1. Xa ipompo ye-vacuum yombane isetyenziselwa ukucoca umoya, ivalvu yokulawula ifakwa kumgca we-reflux wepompo ye-vacuum, kwaye ubungakanani bokukhupha igesi yokukhupha umoya kwinkqubo bulungiswa ngokuvula ivalvu yokulawula, ngaloo ndlela kulungiswa inqanaba le-vacuum yenqaba.

Ukulawula uxinzelelo lwenqaba yomoya, kukho iindlela ezintathu ezilandelayo:
1. Xa uzinzo loxinzelelo oluphezulu lwenqaba lungekho phezulu, akukho mfuneko yokufaka inkqubo yokulawula uxinzelelo, kwaye kufuneka kufakwe umbhobho oya emoyeni kwizixhobo zokunyibilikisa (i-condenser okanye itanki ye-reflux) ukuqinisekisa ukuba uxinzelelo olukwinqaba lusondele kuxinzelelo lomoya.
2. Xa uzinzo loxinzelelo oluphezulu lwetower luphezulu okanye izinto ezahluliweyo zingakwazi ukudibana nomoya, indlela yokulawula uxinzelelo oluphezulu lwetower ingasetyenziswa.
3. Lungisa uxinzelelo lomphunga wesiseko senqaba ngokulungelelanisa ubungakanani bomphunga oshushu kwisiseko senqaba.

A: Ubushushu bekettle bumiselwa luxinzelelo lwekettle kunye nokwakheka kwezinto. Kwinkqubo yokulungiswa, kuphela ngokugcina ubushushu bekettle obuchaziweyo apho umgangatho wemveliso ungaqinisekiswa khona. Ke ngoko, ubushushu bekettle ngomnye wemikhombandlela ebalulekileyo yokusebenza kwe-distillation.

Xa ubushushu bekettle butshintsha, ubushushu bekettle budla ngokulungiswa bube buqhelekileyo ngokutshintsha ubungakanani bomphunga ofudumezayo kwikettle ephumayo. Xa ubushushu bekettle buphantsi kunexabiso elichaziweyo, ubungakanani bomphunga kufuneka bunyuswe ukuze kwandiswe ubungakanani bomphunga bolwelo lwekettle, ukuze umxholo wezinto ezinzima kwikettle liquid unyuke ngokuthe ngqo, inqanaba leqamza linyuke kwaye ubushushu bekettle bunyuke.

Xa ubushushu bekettle buphezulu kunexabiso elichaziweyo, ukusetyenziswa komphunga kufuneka kuncitshiswe ukuze kuncitshiswe ukufuma kolwelo lwekettle, ukuze umxholo wezinto ezikhanyayo kulwelo lwekettle unyuke ngokuthe ngcembe, inqanaba lebhamuza lincitshiswe kwaye ubushushu bekettle buncitshiswe.

Zininzi izizathu zokutshintshatshintsha kobushushu bekettle. Xa uxinzelelo lwetower lunyuka ngequbuliso, ubushushu bekettle buya kunyuka buze buphinde buwe. Oku kungenxa yokuba ukunyuka kobushushu bekettle kubangelwa kukwanda koxinzelelo, okukhokelela ekwandeni kwe-bubble point kwikettle. Ke ngoko, ukwanda komthamo womphunga kwitower akuyi kwanda, kodwa kuya kuncipha ngenxa yokwanda koxinzelelo; Ngale ndlela, ukufuma kwezinto ezikhanyayo kulwelo oluxutyiweyo lwetower kunye nekettle akuphelelanga, okuya kukhokelela ekwehleni kwe-bubble point yekettle, kwaye ngaloo ndlela ubushushu bekettle buya kuncipha.

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, xa uxinzelelo lwenqaba luhla ngequbuliso, umphunga onyukayo kwinqaba uya kwanda ngenxa yokwehla koxinzelelo lwenqaba, okubangela ukwehla ngokukhawuleza kwenqanaba lolwelo ezantsi kwenqaba, ukuze izinto ezinzima zisiwe phezulu kwenqaba. Njengoko izinto ezikwi-kettle liquid ziba nzima, i-bubble point yolwelo lwe-kettle iyanda, kwaye ubushushu be-kettle nabo buya kwanda. Ukusuka kule mbono, uxinzelelo lwenqaba yinto ebalulekileyo ebangela utshintsho lobushushu be-kettle. Ke ngoko, kuphela ngokulawula uxinzelelo lwenqaba kuqala kwi-index efunekayo apho singazi kakuhle ukuba ubushushu be-kettle buyahlangabezana neemfuno zenkqubo, kungenjalo kuya kukhokelela ekusebenzeni gwenxa. Ubushushu be-kettle buya kuncipha ngokunyuka koxinzelelo lwezixhobo zokukhanya kwi-feed, kwaye bunyuke ngokunyuka koxinzelelo lwezixhobo ezinzima. Ukongeza, kukho amanzi kwi-kettle, ezinye iityhubhu zivaliwe yi-polymerization yezinto ezikwi-evaporation kettle, ukutshintsha koxinzelelo lomphunga wokufudumeza, ukungaphumeleli kwe-valve yokulawula kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kwemveliso elinganisiweyo yezinto zonke zinokubangela ukutshintsha kobushushu be-kettle. Xa ubushushu beketile butshintshatshintsha, izizathu zokuguquguquka kufuneka zihlalutywe kwaye zisuswe.

Umphumo ophezulu wenqaba umncinci kakhulu, nto leyo eyenza ukuba izinto ezikhanyayo zicinezeleke kwikettle yenqaba kwaye zibangele ukuba ubushushu bekettle buwe. Ngeli xesha, ukuba ukukhupha phezulu kwenqaba akwandiswanga, ukunyusa nje umthamo womphunga wokufudumeza kwikettle yenqaba akuyi kuba nefuthe kubushushu bekettle kuphela, kodwa kuya kubangela nokukhukula kwiimeko ezinzima. Omnye umzekelo kukuba iityhubhu zekettle ye-evaporation zivalekile ngenxa ye-polymerization yezinto, nto leyo ebangela ukuba ubushushu bekettle buwehle. Ngeli xesha, izixhobo kufuneka zimiswe ukuze zilungiswe.

A: Umlinganiselo we-reflux umiselwa ngokweemfuno zokwahlulwa kwezinto ezikrwada.

Umlinganiselo we-reflux omkhulu kakhulu okanye omncinci kakhulu uya kuchaphazela uqoqosho lokusebenza kwe-distillation kunye nomgangatho weemveliso. Ukwandisa umlinganiselo we-reflux kunokunyusa uxinano lwezinto zokukhanya kwimveliso ephezulu, kodwa kunciphisa amandla emveliso yenqaba, kwaye kwandisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla abandayo phezulu kunye nobushushu ezantsi kwenqaba.

Kwindlela eqhelekileyo yokusebenza, kufuneka sigcine umlinganiselo ofanelekileyo we-reflux size sizame ukufumana isiphumo esihle kwezoqoqosho kwisiseko sokuqinisekisa umgangatho wemveliso. Kuphela xa iimeko zemveliso eziqhelekileyo ze-tower zonakele okanye umgangatho wemveliso ungafanelekanga apho umlinganiselo we-reflux ungalungiswa khona. Umzekelo, umxholo wezinto ezinzima kwimveliso ephezulu uyanda kwaye umgangatho uyancipha, ngoko ke umlinganiselo we-reflux kufuneka unyuswe ngokufanelekileyo. Umthwalo (isantya sokutya) se-tower uphantsi kakhulu. Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukunyuka kwesantya somphunga kwi-tower, umlinganiselo we-reflux kufuneka unyuswe ngokufanelekileyo.

A: Kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokulungisa umlinganiselo we-reflux:
1. Nciphisa imveliso ephezulu ukuze kwandiswe umlinganiselo we-reflux.
2. Xa i-condenser ephezu kwenqaba iyi-condenser, ubungakanani be-refrigerant ephezu kwenqaba bunokwandiswa ukuze kwandiswe umthamo we-condensate kunye nomlinganiselo we-reflux.
3. Ukuba kukho i-reflux enyanzelekileyo kwi-intermediate storage tank ene-reflux liquid, i-reflux flow inokwandiswa okwethutyana ukuphucula i-reflux ratio, kodwa i-reflux storage tank ayizukukhutshwa.

A: Umahluko kuxinzelelo lwenqaba yeyona nto iphambili ekulinganiseni umthwalo wegesi kwinqaba, kwaye ikwayenye yeempawu ezibalulekileyo zokugweba ukuba ukutya kunye nokukhupha umsebenzi wokunyibilikisa kuyalingana na. Phantsi kwemeko yokuba ukutya kunye nokukhupha kulinganisiwe kwaye umlinganiselo we-reflux uhlala ungaguquki, umahluko kuxinzelelo lwenqaba awutshintshi ngokusisiseko.

Xa ibhalansi eqhelekileyo yezinto ezisetyenziswayo itshatyalalisiwe, okanye ubushushu kunye noxinzelelo kwinqaba zitshintsha, isantya somphunga onyukayo kwinqaba siya kutshintsha, kwaye ukuphakama kwetywina lolwelo kwitreyi kuya kutshintsha, nto leyo eya kubangela umahluko kuxinzelelo kwinqaba.

Kwinkqubo yokulungisa, kukho iindlela ezintathu eziqhelekileyo zokulungisa izizathu zokutshintsha komahluko woxinzelelo lwenqaba:
1. Phantsi kwemeko yesantya sokutya esingaguqukiyo, umahluko woxinzelelo lwenqaba ulungiswa yisantya sokukhupha ulwelo phezulu kwenqaba. Xa kuveliswa iimveliso ezingaphezulu, isantya somphunga onyukayo kwinqaba siyancipha kwaye umahluko woxinzelelo kwinqaba uyancipha; Ngokuhla kokubuyela kwimeko yesiqhelo, isantya somphunga onyukayo kwinqaba siyanda kwaye umahluko woxinzelelo kwinqaba uyanda.
2. Phantsi kwemeko yemveliso engaguqukiyo, umahluko woxinzelelo lwenqaba uhlengahlengiswa ngokwesantya sokutya. Isantya sokutya siyanda kwaye umahluko woxinzelelo lwenqaba uyanda; Xa isantya sokutya sincipha, umahluko woxinzelelo lwenqaba uyancipha.
3. Ngaphakathi komlinganiselo ovunyelwe yi-process index, umahluko woxinzelelo lwenqaba ulungiswa ngokutshintsha kobushushu bekettle. Ngokunyuka kobushushu bekettle, umahluko woxinzelelo lwenqaba uyanda; Xa ubushushu bekettle buncitshiswa, umahluko woxinzelelo lwenqaba uyancipha.

Xa kukho utshintsho kuxinzelelo olubangelwa ziingxaki zezixhobo, kufuneka siziphathe ngokweengxaki ezithile, size siyeke ukulungisa izinto kwiimeko ezinzima.

A: Ubushushu obuphezulu kwinqaba yinto ebalulekileyo ekumiseleni umgangatho weemveliso eziphezulu kwinqaba. Phantsi kwesiseko soxinzelelo oluqhubekayo lwenqaba, umxholo wezinto ezinzima kwimveliso ephezulu uyanda kwaye umgangatho uyancipha ngokunyuka kobushushu obuphezulu.

Kukho iindlela ezimbini eziphambili zokulungisa ubushushu be-tower top: enye kukulungisa ukuhamba kwe-reflux kunye nokulungisa ubushushu be-reflux; enye kukulungisa ubushushu be-reflux kunye nokulungisa ukuhamba kwe-reflux. Ngenxa yezixhobo zemveliso ezikhulayo, xa kujongwa uzinzo lwemveliso, indlela yokulungisa ukuhamba kwe-return flow isetyenziswa kakhulu.

Iindlela ezithile zokulungisa ubushushu be-tower top zezi zilandelayo:
1. Lawula ubushushu obuphezulu ngokuhamba komoya. Xa ukuhamba komoya obuyayo kusanda, ubushushu obuphezulu buyehla, obusetyenziswa rhoqo xa umphezulu wenqaba ugcwele i-condenser.
2. Xa i-refrigerant esetyenziswa phezulu kwinqaba itshintsha isigaba ngexesha lokudluliselwa kobushushu, ubushushu obuphezulu bungalawulwa ngokulungiswa kwe-cascade yoxinzelelo lokuphuma komoya kunye nobushushu obuphezulu be-refrigerant. Xa uxinzelelo lokuphuma komoya luncipha, ubushushu bokuphuma komoya obuhambelanayo buyancipha, nto leyo ebangela ukuba ubushushu obuphezulu bunciphe. Le ndlela inokutshintsha ukuhamba komoya xa i-condenser ephezulu kwinqaba iyi-condenser; Xa i-condenser ephezulu kwinqaba inefuthe lokupholisa kakhulu, ingasetyenziselwa nokutshintsha ubushushu be-reflux.
3. Xa i-refrigerant ephezu kwenqaba ingenalo utshintsho lwesigaba ngexesha lokudluliselwa kobushushu, ubushushu obuphezulu bungalawulwa ngokulungiswa kwe-cascade yokuhamba kwe-refrigerant kunye nobushushu obuphezulu. Ukuba izinga lokuhamba liyanda, ubushushu obuphezulu buyancipha. Le ndlela ayinakutshintsha kuphela ubungakanani be-reflux, kodwa ikwatshintsha nobushushu be-reflux.
4. Lungisa ubushushu obuphezulu ngendawo yokutshintshiselana kobushushu ye-condenser ephezulu. Ukunyusa inqanaba le-coolant kwandisa indawo yokutshintshiselana kobushushu kwaye kunciphisa ubushushu obuphezulu. Le ndlela ayinakutshintsha kuphela ubungakanani be-reflux, kodwa ikwatshintsha nobushushu be-reflux.
5. Xa uxinaniso lwezinto ezikwicandelo lokulungisa luphezulu, ubushushu obuphezulu bunokulungiswa ngumahluko wobushushu phakathi kweepleyiti ezimbini. Ngokunyuka komahluko wobushushu, umthamo wolwelo lwe-reflux uyanda kwaye ubushushu obuphezulu buyancipha.

A: Ngexesha lokuqalisa nokusebenza okuqhelekileyo kwekholamu yokuhluza, ubushushu bekettle abuyi kunyuka.

Kwinkqubo yokufudumeza ngexesha lokuqalisa, izizathu zokuba ubushushu beketile bungakwazi ukunyuka zinokuba zezi:
1. I-steam trap (okanye i-drain choke valve) yenkqubo yokufudumeza iyasilela;
2. Ivalvu yamanzi angasemva yesitishi sokumpompa ayivulekanga;
3. I-condensate yomphunga kwiketile yokufudumeza ayikasuswa, kwaye umphunga awunakongezwa;
4. Kukho amanzi amaninzi kwizinto ezisezantsi kwenqaba (amanzi awadibani nezinto, ngoko ke awafanelekanga kwinkqubo yamanzi ye-NMP);
5. Ulwakhiwo lwezixhobo olungenangqiqo luthintela ukujikeleza kolwelo lweketile;
6. Ngenxa yokusebenza okungafanelekanga (ukufudumeza kwiketile yokufudumeza kusemva kwexesha okanye ubungakanani bokutya bukhulu kakhulu kwaye bunamandla kakhulu), icandelo lokukhanya elibuyela kwiketile yetower likhulu kakhulu, kwaye kunzima ukuphakamisa ubushushu beketile ukuya kwesiqhelo okwethutyana, ngakumbi kwitower enokutya kolwelo oluphantsi kobushushu, okulula ukwenzeka. Ngeli xesha, izinga lokutya kunye nokwakheka kokutya kufuneka kutshintshwe okanye imveliso ephezulu kufuneka inyuswe ukuze kulungiswe ukusebenza.

Xa kusetyenzwa ngendlela eqhelekileyo, izizathu zokuba ubushushu bekettle bungabi phezulu zinokuba zezi:
1. Umbhobho wokujikeleza kolwelo weketile yokufudumeza esezantsi uvaliwe, ukuze ulwelo lweketile lungajikelezi;
2. Izinto ezikwi-reboiler ziyacola okanye zivaliwe;
3. Ivalvu yokutshixa amanzi amdaka ayisebenzi kakuhle;
4. Ulwakhiwo lwe kettle ye tower lunzima kakhulu, kwaye i-heating agent ekhoyo ayinakufudumeza ulwelo lwe kettle ukuya kwinqanaba le bubble, nto leyo ebangela ukuba ukujikeleza kolwelo lwe kettle kungabi mpuluswa;
5. Uxinzelelo lwesixhobo sokufudumeza kwiketile yokufudumeza luyehla;
6. Inqanaba lolwelo lwekettle liphantsi kakhulu okanye liphezulu kakhulu.